HIGH YIELD POINT FOR MICROBIOLOGY2015

HIGH YIELD POINT FOR MICROBIOLOGY2015

http://www.doctorsquiz.com important topics for DNB-CET, AIPGMEE, FMGE, DNB-PDCET, UPSC-CMS online medical examination .

Primary B-cell diseases include panhypogammaglobulinemia (Bruton disease), an X-linked deficiency of all three major classes of immunoglobulins, as well as other selective deficiencies of the immunoglobulins or their subgroups. This condition presents after 3 months of age (after maternal antibodies wane) with recurrent and often simultaneous bouts of otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhea, and sinusitis.


T-cell: Among the T-cell diseases is DiGeorge anomaly, in which defective embryologic development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches results in hypoplasia of both thymus and parathyroid glands. Associated findings with DiGeorge anomaly include CATCH: C for cardiac, A for abnormal faces, T for thymic hypoplasia, C for cleft palate, and H for hypocalcemia.


Combined B and T-cell diseases:
▪ X-linked recessive Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome of mild T-cell dysfunction, diminished serum IgM, marked elevation of IgA and IgE, eczema, recurrent middle-ear infections, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
▪ Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), have deficient T- and B-cells. Consequently, they are both marked lymphopenia and agammaglobulinemia, as well as hypoplasia of the thymus.
▪ Ataxia telangiectasia and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.

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WHAT CAN I DO TO PROTECT MYSELF FROM GETTING SICK ? SWINE FLU

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WHAT CAN I DO TO PROTECT MYSELF FROM GETTING SICK ?
There is no vaccine available right now to protect against swine flu. There are everyday actions that can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza. Take these everyday steps to protect your health:


Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze.Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it

Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective

Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way

Try to avoid close contact with sick people

THERE ARE EVERYDAY ACTIONS PEOPLE CAN TAKE TO STAY HEALTHY
Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it  

Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hands cleaners are also effective
 Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread that way

WHAT DRUGS ARE AVAILABLE FOR TREATMENT ?

Antiviral drugs for seasonal influenza are available in some countries and effectively prevent and treat the illness. There are two classes of such medicines, 1) adamantanes (amantadine and remantadine), and 2) inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase (oseltamivir and zanamivir)..

HIGH YIELD POINT FOR Swine Influenza (swine flu) 2015

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Swine Influenza (swine flu)

IT is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses (H1N1 subtype) that causes regular outbreaks in pigs. People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen


Swine flu viruses have been reported to spread from person-to-person, but in the past, this transmission was limited and not sustained beyond three people

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS


The symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people have reported diarrhea and vomiting associated with swine flu.

In the past, severe illness (pneumonia and respiratory failure) and deaths have been reported with
swine flu infection in people.
Like seasonal flu, swine flu may cause a worsening of underlying chronic medical conditions.


The symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of seasonal flu in humans and may include:


Fever (greater than 100°F or 37.8°C)

Sore throat

Cough

Stuffy nose

Chills

Headache and body aches Fatigue




Spread of this swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS



Avoid live animal markets, poultry and pig farms in affected countries

Always maintain high levels of personal hygiene, especially before and after food preparation and in-out of toilets. Regular wash your hands

Cook pork thoroughly

Do not consume half-done pork

While in an affected region, seek immediate medical attention if you develop influenza-like symptoms. (High Fever, body pain, coughing and red nose)

 

HIGH YIELD POINT FOR BASIC RADIOLOGY 2015

HIGH YIELD POINT FOR BASIC RADIOLOGY  2015

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absorbed dose (D): The quotient of dE by dm, where dE is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass dm. The unit for absorbed dose is the joule per kilogram (J kg–1), with the special name gray (Gy).

accelerator: In this Report, refers to an electron accelerator, which is a device for imparting kinetic energy to elec- trons, with the kinetic energy being >2 and <50 br="" mev.="">
accelerator head: The part of the accelerator enclosing the x-ray target or source from which the useful beam ema- nates. The accelerator head contains shielding and may rotate about an axis.

activation: The process of inducing radioactivity by irradiation. An example is the process of creating radionuclides by neutron and gamma-ray activation of materials within the treatment room.

activity: The number of spontaneous nuclear transformations that occur in a quantity of a radioactive nuclide per unit time. The unit of activity is one transformation per second (s–1) with the special name becquerel (Bq).


annihilation: The process by which electromagnetic radiation is emitted as a result of the combination and disappear- ance of an electron and a positron. Two gamma rays of 0.511 MeV energy each are emitted in most cases.

as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA): A principle of radiation protection philosophy that requires that exposures to ionizing radiation be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. The protection from radiation exposure is ALARA when the expenditure of further resources would be unwarranted by the reduction in exposure that would be achieved.

atomic number (Z) (low-Z, high-Z): The atomic number of a nucleus is the number of protons contained in the nucleus. Low-Z describes nuclei with Z ≤ 26. High-Z describes nuclei with Z > 26.

attenuation: The reduction of dose equivalent or other physical properties of a radiation field upon the passage of radiation through matter. This Report is concerned primarily with broad-beam attenuation that occurs when the area of the radiation field is large at the barrier (in contrast to a small diameter beam).

barn: Special unit for the cross section. 1 barn = 10–28 m2 (10–24 cm2) (see cross section).

barrier (or protective barrier): A protective wall of radiation attenuation material(s) used to reduce the dose equivalent on the side beyond the radiation source (see primary and secondary barriers).

beam-on time: The time that the radiation source is actually producing radiation.

bremsstrahlung: The spectrum of photons produced by the acceleration or deceleration of high-energy electrons, particularly near the coulomb fields of nuclei (see also x-ray target).

broad beam: Conditions of a radiation-shielding situation in which the beam impinging on a barrier surface includes scattered radiation and is laterally extensive.

collimator: A device used to reduce the cross-sectional area of the useful beam of photons or electrons with an absorbing material.



controlled area: A limited-access area in which the occupational exposure of personnel to radiation or to radioactive material is under the supervision of an individual in charge of radiation protection. This implies that access, occu- pancy, and working conditions are controlled for radiation protection purposes.

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HIGH YIELD POINT FOR PATHOLOGY 2015

HIGH YIELD POINT FOR PATHOLOGY  2015

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1. Fastest growing tumor – Burkitt’s

2. PE’s are found in half of all autopsies

3. Courvoisier’s Law: tumors that obstruct the common bile duct cause enlarged gallbladders, but obstructing

gallstones do not (too much scarring), so if you can palpate the gallbladder you’e probably looking at cancer.

4. Only DNA virus to replicate in cytoplasm: Pox

5. Only RNA virus to replicate in nucleus: Influenza

6. Bacillus anthracis has the only protein capsule

7. Bordetella pertussis (Whooping Cough) elicits lymphocytosis rather than granulocytosis

8. Bronchioalveolar carcinomas grow without destroying the normal architecture of the lung

9. Cryptococcus neoformans often lacks a capsule and, when stained with GMS, looks just like Pneumycistis

carinii, except that Cryptococcus lacks the prominent nucleoli.

10. Weil Felix reaction: (+)R. rickettssi & (+)Proteus vulgaris & P. mirabilis

11. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) tests: 1)VDRL 2)FTA-Abs: most widely used 3)TPI (immobilization test – most expensive but the Gold Standard)

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DNB MOCK TEST QUESTION WITH ANSWER 2015

DNB MOCK TEST QUESTION WITH ANSWER 2015

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1. A patient with Hypertension, comes with severe unilateral headache and vomiting. On MRI, lateralized convex lesion seen. He has neck stiffness. The diagnosis is
A. Intracerebral Hemorrhage
B. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
C. Meningitis
D. meningoencephalites
ANS B


2. Drug induced Lupus seen in all EXCEPT ?
A. Sulfonamides
B. Hydralazine
C. Isoniazid
D. Penicillin

ANS D
3. All about Leukemia are FALSE EXCEPT ?
A. CML occurs after 50 years of age
B. ALL occurs before 1 year in neonates
C. ALL in before 1 year has poor prognosis
D. Hairy Cell Leukemia occurs before 50 years of age

ANS C


4. Patient with Pneumococcal Brain Abscess. Culture is sent for Antibiotic sensitivity. Which empirical antibiotic is given till culture sensitivity result come?
A. Penicillin G
B. Ceftriaxone
C. ceftriaxone+ vancomycin
D. Ampicillin

ANS C
5. Pseudotumor Cerebri is seen in
A. Obese Female of 20-40 years
B. Obese Male of 20-40 years
C. Thin Female of 50-60 years
D. Thin Male of 50-60 years
ANS A

6. Photosensitivity is a symptom of Porphyria. All of the following enzyme deficiencies have photosensitivity EXCEPT
A. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
B. Uroporphyrinogen oxidase
C. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase
D. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
ANS B

7. A 60 year old lady has progressive slowing of movements since 2 years. She has Rigidity and rectangular slow wave jerking movements. Most probable diagnosis is ?
A.Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
B. Lewy-Body Dementia
C. Parkinsonism
D. Multiple System Atrophy
ANS A

8. A Penicillin allergic patient has Rheumatic Fever. Which of the following drug should be prescribed?
A. Penicillin G
B. Sulfoxazole
C. Sulfasalazine
D. Sulfadiazine
ANS B

9. A neonate presents with bleeding from umbilical stump, rest of the examination is normal. Probable diagnosis is ?
A. Factor X deficiency
B. von Willebrand Disease
C. Glanzman Thromboasthenia
D. Bernard Soulier Syndrome
ANS A

10. Which scientific principle is the basis for Thermodilution method used in measurement of cardiac output by Pulmonary Catheter?
A. Hagen-Poisseuille Principle
B. Stewart-Hamilton Principle
C. Bernoulli’s Principle
D. Universal Gas Equation

ANS A

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